Educational Psychology is the systematic study of the behaviour, mental processes, learning, development, motivation and individual differences of learners in educational situations. It uses scientific methods to understand how students learn and how teaching can be made more effective. Since human behaviour is complex, educational psychologists use several methods to collect, analyse and interpret information about learners. The major methods of Educational Psychology are as follows. 1. Introspection Method: Introspection means looking inward and examining one’s own mental experiences, feelings, thoughts and reactions. In this method, an individual observes and reports what is happening in his or her mind. For example, a student may describe the feelings experienced while preparing for an examination, such as anxiety, confidence or concentration. This method was traditionally used to study conscious mental processes. Its main advantage is that it provides direct information about personal experiences. However, it has limitations because individuals may not always be able to describe their mental processes accurately. It is also subjective and cannot easily be applied to young children. 2. Observation Method: Observation is one of the most widely used methods in Educational Psychology. It involves systematic watching, recording and analysing the behaviour of learners in natural or controlled situations. A teacher may observe how students participate in classroom activities, interact with classmates, respond to instructions or deal with difficulties. Observation can be structured or unstructured, participant or non-participant. It provides information about actual behaviour rather than merely reported behaviour. However, the observer’s personal bias may influence interpretation, and some internal mental processes cannot be directly observed. 3. Experimental Method: The experimental method is a scientific method in which the researcher studies the effect of one variable on another under controlled conditions. The researcher changes an independent variable and observes its effect on a dependent variable. For example, an educational psychologist may investigate whether a particular teaching technique improves students’ academic performance. Experimental research helps establish cause-and-effect relationships. It is relatively objective and permits careful control of conditions. However, artificial experimental conditions may not always represent normal classroom situations. 4. Clinical Method: The clinical method is used to study an individual in depth, particularly when the learner has educational, emotional, behavioural or developmental difficulties. It involves