The North-South politics in climate change negotiations refer to the complex and often contentious interactions between developed countries, often referred to as the “Global North,” and developing countries, known as the “Global South,” in international discussions and agreements on climate action. These politics are rooted in historical, economic, and social inequalities, and they significantly influence the global response to climate change. Understanding these dynamics requires examining the historical context of industrialization, the principles of equity and responsibility, the role of international institutions, and the differing priorities of countries across these two broad regions. Historically, the countries of the Global North, including the United States, Canada, European Union nations, Japan, and Australia, underwent industrialization much earlier than countries in the Global South. This process was heavily dependent on the consumption of fossil fuels, leading to substantial emissions of greenhouse gases over the past two centuries. The cumulative effect of these emissions is a primary driver of current climate change. In contrast, many Global South countries, including India, African nations, and many Southeast Asian countries, industrialized later and have contributed far less historically to greenhouse gas concentrations. Consequently, developing countries argue that the Global North bears a greater historical responsibility for climate change, both morally and financially, and should take on a larger share of mitigation efforts and support for adaptation strategies. This principle is formalized in international climate agreements through the concept of “common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities” (CBDR-RC). CBDR-RC recognizes that while climate change is a global problem requiring universal action, nations have different historical contributions to the problem and different capacities to address it. This principle has been central to North-South negotiations, particularly within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol. Developed countries have often been expected to provide financial assistance, technology transfer, and capacity-building support to developing nations to help them pursue low-carbon development and adapt to climate impacts. Despite the CBDR principle, negotiations have often been fraught with tension. The Global North has sometimes been reluctant to commit to binding emissions reductions or to provide the level of financial support demanded by developing nations. For instance, the Copenhagen Summit in 2009 highlighted deep divisions, as developing countries sought concrete commitments