Climate change has far-reaching impacts that affect different segments of society in distinct ways, and women and children are among the most vulnerable groups. These impacts are multidimensional, spanning health, socio-economic status, education, migration, and social rights, and are often exacerbated by pre-existing gender inequalities and societal norms. Understanding these effects requires examining both direct and indirect consequences, as well as the mechanisms through which climate change intensifies existing vulnerabilities. One of the most immediate ways in which climate change impacts women and children is through health. Extreme weather events, such as floods, heatwaves, and storms, increase the risk of injuries, waterborne diseases, malnutrition, and vector-borne illnesses. Women, particularly pregnant women, face heightened risks due to physiological factors, making them more susceptible to heat stress and malnutrition. Children are especially vulnerable to malnutrition because climate-induced disruptions in agriculture reduce food availability and nutritional quality. Malnutrition in early childhood can result in stunted growth, impaired cognitive development, and increased susceptibility to diseases, creating long-term health burdens. Additionally, climate change can exacerbate water scarcity, forcing women and children to spend more time collecting water, increasing exposure to unsafe water sources and associated diseases. Economic vulnerability is another major impact of climate change on women and children. In many regions, women are disproportionately engaged in subsistence agriculture, informal labor, and caregiving roles that depend on natural resources. Droughts, floods, and changing rainfall patterns reduce agricultural productivity, threatening household incomes and food security. Women often have limited access to financial resources, land ownership, and decision-making authority, restricting their ability to adapt to climate shocks or recover from losses. Economic stress can also negatively affect children, as families may be forced to pull children out of school to contribute to household income or care for family members affected by climate-related hardships. This undermines long-term human capital development and perpetuates cycles of poverty. Climate change also exacerbates social inequalities and gender-based vulnerabilities. Women and children in marginalized communities are disproportionately affected due to limited access to healthcare, education, and social services. During climate-induced disasters, women face increased risks of gender-based violence, including domestic violence, sexual assault, and exploitation. Displacement due to floods, storms, or sea-level rise often places women and children in unsafe temporary shelters, where social protection mechanisms are weak or absent. In such contexts, lack of privacy, inadequate sanitation, and