Dualism in labour markets refers to the existence of two distinct segments within the same economy, often characterized by differences in wages, job security, working conditions, and opportunities for advancement. The primary segment typically includes formal, well-paid, and secure jobs with clear career progression, while the secondary segment consists of informal, low-paid, insecure, and precarious employment. This concept is central to several theories of labour, particularly in explaining persistent inequalities and segmentation in labour markets. The dual labour market theory, advanced by economists like Peter Doeringer and Michael Piore, argues that structural factors rather than individual characteristics primarily determine a worker’s position