Mughal cities reflected a strong rural-urban continuum because their economic, social, and cultural life was deeply connected with the surrounding countryside. Unlike the modern distinction between urban and rural areas, Mughal urban centres depended heavily on rural resources, agricultural production, and village networks. The relationship between cities and villages was not one of separation but of mutual dependence, where towns acted as centres of administration, trade, crafts, and consumption while villages supplied food, raw materials, labour, and revenue. The Mughal Empire was primarily an agrarian society, and the prosperity of its cities was directly linked to agricultural production. Major Mughal cities such as Agra, Delhi, Lahore, Fatehpur Sikri, and Ahmedabad flourished because they were located within productive agricultural regions or along important trade routes. The countryside provided grains, fruits, vegetables, cotton, silk, indigo, sugarcane, and other commodities required for urban consumption and industrial activities. The revenue collected from rural areas also financed the construction of cities, royal buildings, administrative institutions, and military establishments. Thus, the economic foundation of Mughal urbanisation was rooted in rural production. The Mughal city was not an isolated settlement but a centre that connected various rural regions. Markets and bazaars in cities attracted agricultural surplus from nearby villages and redistributed goods to wider areas. Merchants, traders, and moneylenders operated between rural and urban spaces, creating networks of exchange. Villagers often travelled to towns