Question
Urban governance and nationalist response
Answer :
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Urban governance under British rule became a crucial arena where colonial administrative priorities intersected with the growth of Indian nationalism. Municipal institutions were established through measures such as the Municipal Acts and Lord Ripon's Resolution on Local Self-Government (1882). While these reforms introduced elected representatives into municipal administration, the colonial government retained significant control through district collectors, nominated members, and financial supervision. Urban governance mainly focused on sanitation, water supply, roads, taxation, policing, and public health, particularly after recurrent epidemics such as plague and cholera. Colonial municipalities often imposed taxes without ensuring adequate public services. Their policies frequently favored European residential areas over indigenous localities, creating
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