Traditional commerce and e-commerce are two major forms of conducting business transactions. Traditional commerce refers to buying and selling goods and services through physical stores, markets, offices, and other conventional channels. E-commerce, or electronic commerce, refers to the buying and selling of goods and services through electronic networks, particularly the Internet. Although both forms aim to satisfy customer needs and generate business revenue, they differ significantly in their methods of operation, market reach, cost structure, customer interaction, and use of technology. Traditional commerce primarily depends on physical interaction between buyers and sellers. Customers generally visit shops, markets, malls, or business establishments to examine products and make purchases. For example, a customer purchasing clothes from a retail store physically visits the shop, observes the products, checks their quality and size, and pays the seller. E-commerce eliminates the need for such physical visits. Customers can browse products through websites or mobile applications, compare alternatives, place orders, make digital payments, and receive products at their chosen location. One of the major differences is the nature of the marketplace. Traditional commerce operates through physical locations such as retail shops, wholesalers, shopping centres, and markets. The location of a business is therefore highly important. A store situated in a busy commercial area may attract more customers. In e-commerce, the marketplace is primarily virtual. Businesses can operate through websites, mobile applications, online marketplaces, and social-commerce platforms. A seller does not necessarily require a physical storefront to reach customers. Market reach also differs considerably. Traditional commerce is generally restricted by geographical boundaries. A local retailer normally serves customers living within a particular city, town, or surrounding area, although large businesses may operate through multiple physical outlets. E-commerce provides a much wider geographical reach. An online business can sell products to customers in different cities, states, and countries, depending on its logistics and legal arrangements. Thus, e-commerce enables even relatively small businesses to access wider markets. The operating hours of the two systems are also different. Traditional businesses usually operate according to fixed working hours. Customers can purchase products only when the physical store is open. E-commerce platforms generally operate twenty-four hours a day and seven days a week. Customers can search for products and place orders at any convenient time. This continuous availability is an important advantage of online commerce. Customer interaction is another important area of difference. Traditional commerce involves direct face-to-face interaction between customers and sellers. Customers can ask questions, negotiate prices, examine products physically, and receive immediate assistance. In e-commerce, interaction generally takes place through digital interfaces. Customers obtain information from product descriptions, photographs, videos, ratings, reviews, chat support, emails, and automated systems. Although online interaction can be convenient, it may not provide the same personal experience as face-to-face communication. The ability to physically inspect products is also different. In traditional commerce, customers can touch, feel, test, and examine products before purchasing them. This is particularly important for clothing, furniture, food products, and other goods where physical characteristics influence buying decisions. In e-commerce,