In the context of equity markets, understanding risk is critical for investors, portfolio managers, and financial analysts, as it directly affects investment decisions, expected returns, and portfolio management strategies. Risk in equity markets refers to the possibility that the actual returns on a stock or portfolio may deviate from the expected returns, either positively or negatively. Broadly, risk can be classified into two main categories: systematic risk and unsystematic risk, each of which has distinct characteristics and implications for investors. Systematic risk, also known as market risk or non-diversifiable risk, is the type of risk that affects the entire market or a large segment of the market. This risk arises from macroeconomic factors that impact all securities to some degree, regardless of the individual characteristics of a company. Examples of systematic risk include interest rate fluctuations, inflation rates, changes in government policies, geopolitical events, recessions, and global economic crises. Since systematic risk is inherent to the market, it cannot be eliminated through diversification. Even a well-diversified portfolio will be exposed to systematic risk, making it an unavoidable component of equity investments. The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) highlights systematic risk through the beta coefficient, which measures a stock’s sensitivity to overall market movements. A beta greater than 1 indicates that the stock is more volatile than the market, while a beta less than 1 suggests lower volatility relative to the market. Systematic risk is closely monitored by investors because it influences the required rate of return and the expected risk premium on equity investments. On the other hand, unsystematic risk, also known as specific risk, idiosyncratic risk, or diversifiable risk, is the risk that affects a particular company, sector, or industry rather than the entire market. This type of risk arises from factors that are unique to an individual company or sector, such as management decisions, product recalls, labor strikes, competitive pressures, technological changes, or regulatory issues affecting a particular industry. Unlike systematic risk, unsystematic risk can be mitigated or nearly eliminated through diversification. By holding a well-diversified portfolio of stocks from different industries, sectors, and geographical regions, an investor can reduce the impact of unsystematic risk on the overall portfolio performance. This is because the negative impact of one stock may