Understanding children’s behaviour at the elementary school level requires methods that go beyond formal tests. While testing techniques measure academic achievement, non-testing techniques focus on observing, interpreting, and understanding the child as a whole. These techniques help teachers, parents, and educators gain insight into children’s emotions, attitudes, interests, social relationships, and patterns of behaviour in natural settings. Since elementary school children are in a crucial stage of physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development, non-testing techniques play a vital role in understanding them effectively. Observation is one of the most important non-testing techniques for understanding children’s behaviour. It involves systematically watching children in different situations such as classrooms, playgrounds, group activities, and informal interactions. Through observation, teachers can understand how a child reacts to peers, responds to authority, handles success and failure, and expresses emotions. Both participant and non-participant observation can be used. Participant observation allows the teacher to engage with children while observing them, whereas non-participant observation involves watching without direct involvement. Observation helps in identifying behavioural patterns like aggression, cooperation, leadership, withdrawal, or anxiety, which may not be revealed through tests. Anecdotal records are another valuable non-testing technique. These are brief, factual descriptions of significant incidents in