The conflict in Afghanistan has been marked by prolonged instability, with multiple parties contributing to widespread violations of International Humanitarian Law (IHL). The Taliban, as one of the primary actors, has frequently been implicated in attacks on civilians, including targeted killings, suicide bombings, and restrictions on humanitarian access. Their actions often contravene IHL principles such as distinction, proportionality, and precaution, as they fail to differentiate between combatants and non-combatants, leading to indiscriminate civilian casualties. The Taliban have also imposed severe restrictions on education, especially for women and girls, and healthcare services, which violates the protections afforded to civilians under IHL during armed conflicts. The Afghan National Defense and Security Forces (ANDSF), supported at various times by international coalitions, have also contributed to IHL violations. Operations conducted in densely populated areas have sometimes resulted in disproportionate civilian harm, reflecting challenges in adhering to the principle of proportionality. Cases of arbitrary detention, torture, and ill-treatment of detainees have been reported, infringing upon protections guaranteed under the Geneva Conventions. Furthermore, the use of aerial bombardments in civilian zones, often aimed at insurgent hideouts, has created complex scenarios where distinguishing between combatants and civilians becomes increasingly difficult, highlighting the practical challenges of IHL compliance by