The origin of continents and oceans has long been a subject of scientific inquiry, and several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the formation of the Earth's major land and water bodies. Among the early theories, the Planetesimal Hypothesis and the Tetrahedral Hypothesis are important because they attempted to explain the evolution of the Earth's surface before the development of modern plate tectonic theory. Although these hypotheses are no longer accepted as complete explanations, they played a significant role in the history of geological thought. The Planetesimal Hypothesis was proposed by Thomas C. Chamberlin and Forest R. Moulton in the early twentieth century. According to this hypothesis, the solar system originated when a massive star passed close to the Sun. The gravitational attraction of the passing star pulled out streams of hot gaseous material from the Sun. As this material cooled, it condensed into numerous small solid bodies known as planetesimals. These planetesimals gradually collided and accumulated through gravitational attraction, eventually forming the planets, including the Earth. As the Earth continued to grow through the accretion of planetesimals, the heat generated by collisions and radioactive decay caused differentiation. Heavy materials such as iron and nickel sank toward the Earth's core, while lighter silicate materials formed the mantle and crust. The crust gradually cooled and solidified. Depressions developed on the Earth's surface due to cooling, contraction, and tectonic adjustments. Water released from volcanic activity and condensation of atmospheric moisture collected in these depressions, giving rise to the oceans. Elevated portions of the crust formed the primitive continents. Thus, continents and oceans were considered products of the Earth's gradual cooling, differentiation, and surface deformation. The