Oceanic salinity refers to the concentration of dissolved salts present in seawater, usually expressed in parts per thousand (‰) or Practical Salinity Units (PSU). The average salinity of the world's oceans is about 35‰, meaning that one kilogram of seawater contains approximately 35 grams of dissolved salts. Salinity is one of the most significant physical properties of seawater, influencing ocean circulation, marine ecosystems, climate, and various chemical and biological processes. The major dissolved salts in seawater include sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, magnesium sulfate, calcium sulfate, potassium sulfate, and calcium carbonate. Among these, sodium and chloride ions constitute nearly 85% of the total dissolved salts. Although the concentration of salts varies from one region to another, the relative proportions of these major ions remain remarkably constant, a phenomenon known as the Principle of Constant Proportions. The origin of oceanic salinity is attributed to several natural processes. Rivers transport dissolved minerals and salts from weathered rocks on the continents into the oceans. Volcanic eruptions and hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor release various minerals and gases into seawater. Wind-blown dust and atmospheric deposition also contribute small quantities of dissolved substances. Over geological time, continuous accumulation of these dissolved materials has