Ethnography has evolved from descriptive accounts of unfamiliar societies into a rigorous scientific method for understanding human cultures through prolonged fieldwork and participant observation. In comparative ethnography, its development is closely linked with the effort to compare different societies in order to identify patterns of social organization, cultural variation, and human adaptation. The history of ethnography reflects changing theoretical perspectives, research methods, and ethical standards in anthropology. The earliest foundations of ethnography can be traced to the writings of ancient travelers, historians, and geographers. Greek scholars such as Herodotus recorded descriptions of the customs, beliefs, and lifestyles of different peoples. Similar accounts were produced by Chinese, Arab, and Indian travelers. However, these narratives were often based on second-hand information, personal observations during brief visits, and ethnocentric interpretations. They lacked systematic methods and scientific objectivity. During the Age of Exploration between the fifteenth and