The partition of India in 1947 was the outcome of a complex interplay of historical, political, social, economic, and ideological factors that developed over a long period, particularly during the late colonial era. It was not a sudden event but the culmination of processes that intensified after the Revolt of 1857, when British colonial policies increasingly reshaped Indian society and politics in ways that deepened divisions and weakened possibilities of a united nationalist resolution. One of the most significant factors was the policy of divide and rule adopted by the British colonial administration. After 1857, the British became deeply suspicious of Indian unity and consciously encouraged divisions along religious, caste, and regional lines to maintain control. Administrative measures, separate electorates, and differential treatment of communities fostered political identities based on religion rather than shared national interests. The introduction of separate electorates for Muslims under the Morley–Minto Reforms of 1909 institutionalized communal politics by recognizing religious communities as separate political entities, thereby laying an early foundation for the idea that Hindus and Muslims had distinct and potentially conflicting political interests. Closely linked to this was the growth of communalism in Indian politics. Communalism did not emerge spontaneously but was shaped by colonial economic policies, social changes, and political competition. The decline of traditional crafts, uneven economic development, and limited opportunities under colonial rule intensified competition for government jobs and political representation. Religious identities became convenient mobilizing tools, as leaders appealed to communal sentiments to secure support. Over time, this led to the hardening of attitudes and mutual suspicion between Hindu and Muslim communities, making compromise increasingly difficult. The formation and evolution of the All-India Muslim League in 1906 played a crucial role in the eventual partition. Initially established to safeguard Muslim