The Non-Cooperation Movement was one of the most significant mass movements in the Indian national struggle against British colonial rule. It was launched in 1920 under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi and marked the first large-scale, nationwide attempt to challenge British authority through peaceful and non-violent means. The movement emerged in a specific political context shaped by post–First World War developments, growing Indian discontent, and the failure of constitutional reforms to satisfy nationalist aspirations. Several factors contributed to the launch of the movement. The repressive Rowlatt Act of 1919, which allowed detention without trial, generated widespread anger. This resentment intensified after the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, where peaceful protesters were brutally killed, exposing the true nature of colonial rule. Simultaneously, the Khilafat issue mobilised Muslim sentiment against British policies