Production and Operations Management in agribusiness refers to the systematic planning, organizing, directing, and controlling of agricultural production activities and related operations to ensure efficient utilization of resources and timely delivery of agricultural products to markets. Agribusiness differs from industrial production systems because it operates under biological processes, environmental uncertainty, seasonality, and market fluctuations. Therefore, production and operations management in agribusiness is influenced by a wide range of technical, economic, environmental, institutional, and managerial factors. One of the most critical factors influencing production and operations management in agribusiness is the availability and quality of natural resources. Agriculture depends heavily on land, soil fertility, water availability, and climatic conditions. Soil health determines crop productivity, while water resources influence irrigation practices and cropping intensity. Variations in rainfall, temperature, and seasonal changes directly affect agricultural output and operational planning. Unlike manufacturing industries where production conditions can be controlled, agribusiness operations remain vulnerable to natural uncertainties such as droughts, floods, pests, and diseases, making production planning complex. Technology adoption plays a vital role in improving operational efficiency in agribusiness. The use of improved seeds, farm mechanization, precision agriculture, biotechnology, irrigation systems, and digital farming tools enhances productivity and reduces operational costs. Modern technologies help farmers optimize input usage such as fertilizers, pesticides, and water, thereby improving yield and quality. Automation in post-harvest handling, grading, storage, and processing also strengthens operational management by minimizing losses and improving supply chain coordination. Input management is another essential factor influencing agribusiness production systems. Agricultural production requires timely availability of quality inputs such as seeds, fertilizers, agrochemicals, machinery, labor, and credit. Delays or shortages in inputs disrupt production schedules and reduce efficiency. Efficient procurement systems, inventory management, and supplier coordination ensure smooth production operations. Rising input costs and price volatility also influence decision-making related to crop selection and scale of production. Labor availability and skill levels significantly affect agribusiness operations. Agricultural activities such as planting, harvesting, sorting, and processing are labor-intensive in many regions. Migration of rural labor to urban areas often creates labor shortages during peak agricultural seasons. Skilled labor is required for operating modern