Carroll’s CSR Pyramid Theory and Stakeholders Theory are two important approaches for understanding Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Both theories explain how businesses should behave responsibly towards society, but they focus on different dimensions of corporate responsibility. Carroll’s theory presents CSR as a set of four responsibilities that businesses are expected to fulfil, while Stakeholders Theory emphasises the interests and expectations of all groups affected by business activities. In the context of CSR projects and programmes, these theories provide a useful framework for identifying responsibilities, beneficiaries, priorities and methods of implementation. Carroll’s CSR Pyramid Theory was developed by Archie B. Carroll in 1991. According to Carroll, the social responsibility of business consists of four levels: economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic responsibilities. These four responsibilities are represented in the form of a pyramid, with economic responsibility at the foundation and philanthropic responsibility at the top. The model suggests that a socially responsible organisation should not focus only on earning profits but should also comply with laws, behave ethically and contribute voluntarily to the welfare of society. The first and basic level of the pyramid is economic responsibility. A business must be economically viable because profit enables it to survive, grow, employ people and undertake CSR programmes. Businesses are expected to produce useful goods and services, create employment, provide fair returns to investors and operate efficiently. In CSR projects and programmes, economic responsibility means that an organisation must maintain financial sustainability while allocating resources to social initiatives. For example, a company may establish a skill-development centre in a rural area. The project should generate social benefits, but the company must also ensure that its overall operations remain financially sustainable so that such programmes can continue over the long term. The second level is legal responsibility. Businesses are required to operate within the laws and regulations established by the government. Compliance with labour laws, environmental regulations, consumer protection laws, taxation requirements and health and safety standards is an essential part of responsible business behaviour. In CSR projects, legal responsibility ensures that programmes are designed and implemented according to applicable laws and government guidelines. For example, a company undertaking an environmental conservation programme must comply with environmental regulations and should not use CSR activities as a means of avoiding its legal obligations. The third level is ethical responsibility.