e-Governance in smart cities refers to the use of information and communication technology (ICT) by urban administrations to provide efficient, transparent, and citizen-centric services. It is a critical component in transforming traditional cities into smart cities, where digital solutions are integrated into urban infrastructure to enhance the quality of life while promoting sustainable development. In smart cities, e-Governance is not limited to online service delivery; it encompasses comprehensive planning, data-driven decision-making, participatory governance, and continuous monitoring of urban systems. The primary objective is to make governance more transparent, accountable, and responsive to the needs of citizens while ensuring sustainable use of resources. One of the key aspects of e-Governance in smart cities is the digitalization of municipal services. Citizens can access services such as birth and death registration, property tax payments, utility bill payments, building permits, and public grievance redressal through online portals or mobile applications. This reduces the need for physical visits to government offices, thereby saving time and minimizing administrative inefficiencies. The integration of e-Governance with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) allows city authorities to maintain accurate records of land use, property ownership, and infrastructure development. By digitizing data, governments can improve planning, allocate resources more effectively, and respond quickly to emergencies. Another crucial dimension of e-Governance in smart cities is participatory governance, which emphasizes citizen engagement in decision-making processes. Digital platforms enable residents to provide feedback, report civic issues, and participate in public consultations. For example, smart city apps often allow citizens to report potholes, water supply issues, waste management problems, or streetlight failures. These inputs are integrated into real-time dashboards monitored by municipal authorities, ensuring timely intervention and fostering a sense of accountability. By involving citizens in governance, smart cities promote social inclusion, enhance trust in public institutions, and ensure that development initiatives align with community needs. Data-driven decision-making is at the core of e-Governance in smart cities. Through the use of sensors, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, and big data analytics, city administrations can collect and analyze information on traffic patterns, air quality, energy consumption, water usage, and public transportation. This data helps in optimizing services, reducing wastage of resources, and minimizing the environmental impact of urban activities. For instance, smart traffic management systems can use real-time data to adjust signal timings, reduce congestion, and lower vehicular emissions. Similarly, smart grids and intelligent water management systems ensure efficient use of electricity and water, contributing to sustainable urban development. E-Governance also plays a significant role in enhancing transparency and accountability in smart cities. Digital platforms provide access to information on government policies, budgets, project implementation, and service delivery metrics. Open data