Body composition refers to the relative proportion of fat, muscle, bone, water, and other tissues that make up the human body. It is an important aspect of physical anthropology and human growth and development because it reflects the interaction of genetic inheritance, environmental influences, nutrition, physical activity, health status, and socio-cultural factors. Unlike body weight alone, body composition provides a more meaningful understanding of the quality of body mass and the physiological condition of individuals and populations. Anthropologists study body composition to understand patterns of growth, adaptation, health, and evolutionary processes across different human groups. The major components of body composition include fat mass and fat-free mass. Fat mass consists of essential fat required for normal physiological functions and storage fat that serves as an energy reserve. Fat-free mass includes muscles, bones, organs, connective tissues, and body water. The proportion of these components changes throughout the life cycle, from infancy to old age, and differs according to sex, ethnicity,