Leadership plays a crucial role in the functioning and success of organisations because it provides direction, coherence and motivation to collective efforts. In any organisation, individuals come from diverse backgrounds with different expectations, skills and attitudes. Leadership helps align these differences toward common organisational goals by articulating a clear vision and translating it into achievable objectives. Effective leaders not only define what needs to be done but also inspire employees to commit themselves willingly to organisational purposes. Through guidance, coordination and support, leadership ensures that human resources are used optimally and organisational efforts do not become fragmented or directionless. The importance of leadership is also evident in maintaining organisational stability while managing change. Organisations operate in dynamic environments influenced by technological advancements, market competition, social expectations and regulatory pressures. Leaders act as change agents who help employees understand the need for change, reduce resistance and adapt to new conditions. By communicating transparently and building trust, leaders create psychological security among employees, which is essential during periods of uncertainty. In addition, leadership contributes to morale and job satisfaction by recognizing employee contributions, resolving conflicts and creating a supportive work climate. High morale and satisfaction, in turn, enhance productivity, commitment and retention. Leadership also plays a significant role in decision making and problem solving. Leaders are often responsible for making complex decisions that have long-term implications for the organisation and its stakeholders. Their ability to analyse situations, consider alternatives and take responsibility for outcomes influences organisational effectiveness. Ethical leadership is especially important, as leaders set standards of integrity and accountability. When leaders demonstrate fairness and ethical conduct, they foster a culture of trust and responsibility, reducing dysfunctional behaviours such as absenteeism, corruption or sabotage. Various theories have been developed to explain how leadership works and why some leaders are more effective than others. One influential theory is the trait theory of leadership. This theory suggests that leadership effectiveness is rooted in certain inherent qualities or traits possessed by leaders. Early researchers believed that leaders are born rather than made and identified traits such as intelligence, self-confidence, determination, integrity and sociability as common characteristics of successful leaders. According to this perspective, individuals who possess these traits are more likely to emerge as leaders and perform effectively in leadership roles. While trait theory helped highlight the personal qualities associated with leadership, it has been criticized for ignoring situational factors and for failing to