Rural social assistance and welfare programmes in India have evolved as a crucial component of the country’s development strategy, particularly after Independence, with the objective of reducing poverty, vulnerability, and social exclusion in rural areas. Given that a large proportion of India’s population resides in villages and depends on agriculture and allied activities for livelihood, rural households are highly exposed to risks such as unemployment, old age, disability, illness, crop failure, natural disasters, and market fluctuations. Social assistance and welfare programmes aim to provide a safety net to protect the rural poor and marginalized groups from extreme deprivation while also promoting social justice, equity, and human development. One of the most significant rural social assistance initiatives in India is the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act. Though primarily classified as a wage employment programme, it also functions as a social protection measure by guaranteeing at least one hundred days of unskilled manual work to every rural household willing to work. By providing assured employment at minimum wages, it addresses chronic rural unemployment, seasonal distress, and income insecurity. The programme has been especially important for landless labourers, small and marginal farmers, women, and socially disadvantaged groups. Beyond income support, it contributes to welfare through the creation of durable community assets such as water conservation structures, rural roads, and land development works, which indirectly enhance rural livelihoods and resilience. Another major pillar of rural social assistance is the National Social Assistance Programme, which represents a direct transfer-based welfare approach. This programme includes several sub-schemes aimed at vulnerable categories in rural areas. The Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme provides monthly financial assistance to elderly persons belonging to below-poverty-line households who lack regular income support. In rural contexts, where formal pension coverage is minimal and family-based support systems are weakening due to migration and socio-economic change, this scheme plays a vital role in ensuring basic subsistence and dignity for the aged. Similarly, the Indira Gandhi National Widow Pension Scheme offers assistance to widowed women, who often face social exclusion, economic dependence, and limited employment opportunities in rural society. The Indira Gandhi National Disability Pension Scheme supports persons with severe disabilities, helping them cope with additional living costs and limited earning capacity. Although the monetary support under these schemes is modest, their importance lies in providing a minimum income floor and recognizing the state’s responsibility toward vulnerable rural citizens. Food security has been a central concern of rural welfare policy, and the Public Distribution System has long served as a key social assistance mechanism. Through this system, subsidized food grains are distributed to eligible rural households, particularly those identified as poor or vulnerable. The introduction of the National Food Security Act strengthened this framework by legally entitling a large section of the rural