Civil society in Canada plays a vital role in shaping politics and society through the work of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and social movements that articulate citizens’ concerns, mobilize grassroots participation, and influence policy. NGOs and movements provide a counterbalance to state power and market forces by advocating for rights, equity, and sustainable development. They function as intermediaries between citizens and political institutions, often amplifying marginalized voices and pressing for systemic change. Canadian democracy has been enriched by the dynamic engagement of civil society in issues ranging from environmental protection to gender equality and critiques of globalization. Environmental movements in Canada have historically been among the most active and visible components of civil society. Organizations such as Greenpeace, the David Suzuki Foundation, and the Sierra Club of Canada have mobilized public opinion and lobbied governments to adopt stronger climate policies, protect biodiversity, and reduce carbon emissions. Indigenous-led environmental activism, such as opposition to pipeline projects, has underscored the