The judiciary in Canada plays a pivotal role in upholding constitutionalism and protecting individual rights, functioning as a cornerstone of the country's democratic framework. Canada's Constitution, particularly the Constitution Act of 1867 and the Charter of Rights and Freedoms of 1982, provides the legal foundation for governance and guarantees fundamental freedoms to its citizens. The courts, particularly the Supreme Court of Canada, serve as the ultimate interpreters of these constitutional provisions, ensuring that both federal and provincial governments act within their legal limits and that citizens’ rights are safeguarded against infringement. One of the primary functions of the judiciary is to enforce the rule of law by reviewing the constitutionality of legislative and executive actions. Judicial review allows courts to strike down laws or governmental actions that conflict with constitutional mandates. Landmark cases such as R. v. Oakes (1986) demonstrate the Supreme Court's role in developing principles like the “Oakes test” to assess whether a law that limits Charter rights can be justified under Section 1. Such rulings illustrate how