A smart city is an urban area that leverages digital technology, data analytics, and sustainable practices to enhance the quality of life for its residents, improve the efficiency of urban services, and reduce environmental impact. One of the defining characteristics of smart cities is the integration of information and communication technology (ICT) across various sectors including transportation, energy, healthcare, education, and public safety. This integration enables real-time monitoring, efficient resource management, and the development of citizen-centric services. Data-driven decision-making is a hallmark of smart cities, where sensors, IoT devices, and other digital tools collect and analyze vast amounts of information to optimize urban functions and support sustainable development goals. Sustainability is a core feature of smart cities. They prioritize renewable energy sources, efficient water management, green building practices, and waste reduction strategies to minimize their ecological footprint. Energy-efficient infrastructure such as smart grids, LED street lighting, and solar-powered systems are commonly employed to reduce energy consumption. Waste management in smart cities involves intelligent collection systems, recycling initiatives, and waste-to-energy conversion processes, all aimed at minimizing landfill use and promoting circular economy practices. Similarly, sustainable urban mobility is emphasized through electric vehicles, shared transportation systems, intelligent traffic management, and well-connected public transport networks that reduce congestion and air pollution. Connectivity and digital infrastructure form another essential characteristic of smart cities. High-speed internet, wireless networks, and cloud-based platforms facilitate seamless communication between citizens, government authorities, and service providers. Digital platforms and mobile applications enhance citizen engagement by allowing residents to report issues, access public services, pay bills, and receive real-time updates about city operations. This participatory approach strengthens governance transparency and accountability while promoting civic involvement in urban planning and decision-making processes. Smart cities also focus on improving the quality of life for citizens through advanced healthcare, education, and safety services. Telemedicine, digital health records, and remote health monitoring systems make healthcare more accessible and efficient. Smart education platforms offer personalized learning experiences, virtual classrooms, and online skill development programs. Urban safety is enhanced through surveillance systems, predictive policing, emergency response coordination, and disaster management tools that ensure rapid response to natural or man-made crises. In Europe, several countries have actively implemented smart city initiatives to improve urban living while adhering to sustainable development principles. Amsterdam, in the Netherlands, is recognized for its open data platform, which allows residents and businesses to access urban information to create innovative solutions. The city has invested heavily in sustainable mobility, including