The Hardy–Weinberg Law, also known as the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium principle, is a fundamental concept in population genetics that explains the genetic composition of a population under ideal conditions. Formulated independently by G. H. Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg in 1908, the law states that the frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a large, randomly mating population remain constant from one generation to the next in the absence of evolutionary influences. It provides a mathematical model that serves as the null hypothesis against which evolutionary changes in populations are measured. If the frequency of one allele is represented by p and the frequency of the alternative allele by q, then p + q = 1. The expected genotype frequencies are expressed by the equation p² + 2pq + q² = 1, where p² represents the frequency of homozygous dominant individuals, 2pq the frequency of heterozygous individuals, and q² the frequency of homozygous recessive individuals. The equilibrium is maintained only if several assumptions are satisfied: a very large population size, random mating, no mutation, no migration, no natural selection, and no genetic drift. The Hardy–Weinberg Law is important because it provides a baseline for detecting evolutionary change. If observed genotype frequencies differ significantly from those expected under equilibrium, it suggests that one or more evolutionary forces are acting on the population. One of the major evolutionary forces is mutation. Mutation is the ultimate source of new genetic variation because it introduces new alleles into a population through changes in DNA sequences. Mutations may occur spontaneously during DNA replication or be induced by environmental factors such as radiation and chemicals. Although the mutation rate for a specific gene is generally