The Trade Union Movement in India has played a significant role in advocating for workers’ rights, promoting labor welfare, and shaping labor laws. Historically, trade unions emerged during the colonial period as a response to exploitation, low wages, poor working conditions, and lack of social security. They became a critical channel for workers to voice grievances and seek collective bargaining. However, despite their contributions, the Trade Union Movement in India faces several limitations that have constrained its effectiveness and impact, both historically and in contemporary times. One of the primary limitations is fragmentation and multiplicity of unions. India has a large number of trade unions, many of which are affiliated with political parties or specific ideologies. This proliferation has often led to a lack of unity among workers, resulting in weakened bargaining power. Workers in the same industry may be represented by multiple unions, each with differing agendas, which undermines collective action. This fragmentation often prevents trade unions from presenting a coherent stance to employers or the government, reducing their influence in policy-making or industrial negotiations. Political interference is another significant limitation. Many trade unions in India are closely linked to political parties, which can shift their focus from workers’ welfare to serving the interests of the party. Political motivations can overshadow labor issues, leading to decisions driven by electoral calculations rather than genuine labor concerns. This alignment with politics has, at times, resulted in strikes or protests that are not primarily aimed at improving worker conditions but are used to pressure governments or influence political outcomes, thereby diminishing the credibility of unions as advocates for labor. Limited coverage and representation of the workforce also constrains the trade union movement. A large segment of India’s labor force is employed in the informal sector, including agricultural laborers, domestic workers, and small-scale or contract workers. Trade unions have traditionally focused on organized industries like manufacturing, railways, and public sector enterprises, leaving the informal sector largely unrepresented. This exclusion is significant because the informal sector constitutes the majority of the workforce in India, meaning trade unions fail to address the needs of the majority of workers, which limits their societal impact and relevance. Inadequate resources and organizational capacity further hinder trade unions. Many unions struggle with limited financial resources, lack of professional management, and insufficient