IGNOU BGGCT 132 2026 - Critically discuss Determinism, Possibilism and Neo-Determinism as the

Question

Critically discuss Determinism, Possibilism and Neo-Determinism as the major approaches to the study of the human-environment relationship.

27 Mar 2026

Answer :

Word Count : 429

The relationship between humans and their environment has been interpreted through varying philosophical approaches in human geography, notably determinism, possibilism, and neo-determinism, each reflecting a distinct understanding of nature’s role in shaping human activities. Environmental determinism, dominant in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, posits that the physical environment, especially climate and terrain, strictly determines human behavior, culture, and societal development. Thinkers like Friedrich Ratzel and Ellsworth Huntington argued that climatic conditions influence the progress of civilizations, often linking temperate climates with advancement and tropical climates with stagnation. This approach provided a seemingly scientific explanation for global inequalities but was heavily criticized

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