Conflicts in the international arena have undergone significant transformations over time, reflecting changes in political structures, economic systems, technological developments, and global power relations. Traditionally, international conflicts were largely interstate wars fought over territory, sovereignty, resources, or ideological supremacy. The international system, based on sovereign nation-states, viewed war as a legitimate instrument of foreign policy. Major conflicts such as the two World Wars and the Cold War shaped the understanding of international conflict, where states were the principal actors and military power was the primary means of resolving disputes. During the Cold War, conflicts were strongly influenced by ideological rivalry between the capitalist and communist blocs led by the United States and the Soviet Union. Although direct confrontation between the superpowers was avoided due to nuclear deterrence, numerous proxy wars emerged in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. These conflicts reflected the bipolar nature of the international system, where local disputes often became arenas for global ideological competition. The end of the Cold War fundamentally altered the character of international conflicts. Instead of large-scale interstate wars, the post-Cold War era witnessed a rise in intrastate conflicts such as civil wars, ethnic violence, separatist movements, and state collapse. Countries with weak institutions experienced prolonged internal conflicts that often attracted international intervention. Ethnic nationalism, religious extremism, identity politics, and competition over natural resources became prominent causes of violence. Globalisation has also reshaped the causes of conflict. Economic inequalities, uneven development, competition for scarce resources, environmental degradation, migration, and climate change have emerged as significant sources of tension. Water scarcity, food insecurity, and energy competition increasingly influence relations among states and communities. Technological advancements have introduced new domains of conflict, including cyber warfare, information