Federal and unitary systems of government represent two distinct frameworks for organizing political authority and distributing powers between different levels of government. In a federal system, sovereignty is constitutionally divided between a central authority and subnational units, such as states or provinces, each of which has powers that are legally protected. This arrangement ensures that subnational governments have a degree of autonomy, allowing them to legislate, administer policies, and manage resources independently within their jurisdiction. The federal principle aims to accommodate diversity, prevent concentration of power, and maintain a balance between national cohesion and regional interests. For example, in countries like the United States, India, and Germany, states or provinces have significant legislative and fiscal powers, with their own governments, parliaments, and courts, while the central government retains authority over national matters like defense, foreign policy, and currency regulation. In contrast, a unitary system concentrates sovereignty in a single, central government, which holds the ultimate authority over all political and administrative matters. Subnational