Ethnic movements in the North-East of India have been a significant aspect of the region's socio-political landscape, driven by complex issues of identity, autonomy, and socio-economic development. The region, comprising eight states—Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura, and Sikkim—has a rich diversity of ethnic groups, each with distinct languages, cultures, and traditions. Over time, this ethnic diversity has led to movements that reflect the aspirations of various communities seeking greater autonomy, recognition, and development.

One of the main causes of ethnic movements in the North-East is the feeling of alienation and marginalization felt by many indigenous communities. These communities have often felt politically and economically sidelined by the mainstream national government. The region’s historical relationship with the rest of India is also marked by a sense of distinctiveness, rooted in its tribal cultures and the geographical remoteness from the political and economic centers of India. The imposition of external governance and economic policies that have not taken into account the aspirations of these communities has exacerbated feelings of neglect and exploitation.

The early movements, particularly in Assam, were largely driven by concerns about the influx of migrants, especially from neighboring Bangladesh, and the subsequent demographic changes.