Since the 1990s, India has undergone significant changes in both political democracy and economic development. These two processes have been deeply intertwined, as political democracy has shaped the economic trajectory of the country, while economic changes have influenced the functioning of democratic institutions. However, both these processes have been marked by complexities, contradictions, and challenges.

In terms of political democracy, India has seen the strengthening of democratic institutions, despite some challenges. The country has consistently held free and fair elections, with periodic transitions of power, thus solidifying its status as the world's largest democracy. The 1990s marked a significant turning point, with the rise of coalition governments. The dominance of the Congress party, which had ruled since Independence, began to weaken, and regional parties gained prominence. This shift reflected a more diverse and pluralistic polity, where power was no longer concentrated in the hands of a few national parties. The introduction of the liberalization reforms also coincided with an era of greater political openness, where debates on various social, economic, and political issues became more widespread.

However, this period of political democracy has also witnessed the emergence of several challenges. One of the most prominent is the increasing role of money and muscle power in elections, which has undermined the integrity of the democratic process. The rise of identity-based politics, where political