Municipal solid waste (MSW) refers to the solid waste generated from households, commercial establishments, institutions, markets, streets, and other urban activities. Its composition and characteristics vary according to population, lifestyle, income, consumption patterns, climate, and level of urbanization. Proper classification is essential for planning collection, transportation, processing, recycling, and safe disposal. Municipal solid waste can be classified into several distinct categories. Biodegradable or organic waste includes food scraps, vegetable and fruit residues, garden waste, and other decomposable materials. It generally has high moisture content and can be treated through composting, vermicomposting, or anaerobic digestion. Recyclable waste includes paper, cardboard, glass, metals, and certain plastics, which can be recovered and reused as secondary raw materials. Inert waste consists of dust, ash, soil, stones, and construction debris, which have limited biodegradability and recycling potential. Domestic hazardous waste includes batteries, paints, chemicals, pesticides, solvents, and certain cleaning products that require separate handling. Sanitary waste such as diapers, sanitary pads, bandages, and other contaminated materials can pose health risks if mixed with ordinary waste. Electronic waste comprises discarded electrical and electronic equipment containing valuable as well as potentially hazardous materials. MSW also possesses important physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. Physical characteristics include composition, density, moisture content, particle size, and