Information systems (IS) play a critical role in creating business value by enabling organizations to operate efficiently, make informed decisions, and gain a competitive advantage. For managers, IS provides tools to collect, process, and analyze data, transforming it into actionable insights that support strategic planning and operational management. One key area where IS adds value is efficiency improvement. Automated processes reduce manual effort, minimize errors, and accelerate workflows, leading to cost savings and better resource utilization. For instance, enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems integrate various business functions like finance, HR, and supply chain, allowing