Question
Analyse the changing nature of political participation in India. What roles do political parties and non-party institutions play in deepening democracy?
Answer :
Word Count : 713
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Political participation in India has undergone significant transformation since independence. Initially, participation was largely confined to voting during elections and engagement through political parties. Over time, democratization, social movements, economic liberalization, technological advancements, and the expansion of civil society have broadened the scope of political participation. Today, citizens influence governance through electoral politics, grassroots activism, digital platforms, public interest litigation, social movements, and community organizations. This changing nature reflects the deepening of Indian democracy by enabling wider representation and greater public involvement in decision-making. In the early decades after independence, political participation was dominated by a single-party system, with the Indian National Congress playing a central role. Elections were the principal mechanism through which citizens exercised political rights. However, the rise of regional parties, coalition politics, and increased political awareness gradually diversified participation. Marginalized groups, including Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Other Backward Classes, women, and religious minorities, began asserting their political rights more actively through electoral mobilization and organized movements. The implementation of the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments marked a turning point by strengthening local self-government through Panchayati Raj Institutions and Urban Local Bodies. These reforms expanded democratic participation to the grassroots level, providing constitutional status to local governance and reserving seats for women and disadvantaged communities. As a result, millions of citizens became directly involved in local governance, planning, and implementation of development programs. Economic liberalization and globalization have also influenced political participation. Citizens increasingly demand transparency, accountability, quality public services, environmental protection, and inclusive development. Public protests against corruption, environmental degradation, and social injustice demonstrate that political participation now extends beyond elections. Movements such as the Right to
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