Question
Critically assess India’s human-development experience with particular reference to health, education and social security.
Answer :
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India’s human-development experience presents a complex mix of significant achievements and persistent challenges, especially in the domains of health, education, and social security. While economic growth since the 1990s has improved aggregate indicators, the translation of this growth into inclusive human development has been uneven and regionally differentiated. In the health sector, India has made notable progress in improving life expectancy, reducing infant mortality, and controlling communicable diseases. Government initiatives such as the National Health Mission and Ayushman Bharat have expanded access to primary healthcare and financial protection for vulnerable populations. However, the system continues to suffer from underfunding, with public health expenditure remaining relatively low as a percentage of GDP. This has resulted in inadequate infrastructure, shortage of medical personnel, and heavy reliance on private healthcare. Consequently, out-of-pocket expenditure remains high, pushing millions into poverty each year. Moreover, disparities between rural and urban areas, as
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