IGNOU MED 4 2026 - With reference to South Asia discuss the three basic models

Question

With reference to South Asia discuss the three basic models involved in the organizational model of participatory management.

12 Feb 2026

Answer :

Word Count : 260

Participatory management in South Asia has evolved through three basic organizational models that reflect varying degrees of community involvement, decentralization, and institutional collaboration. The first is the state-led participatory model, where government agencies initiate development programmes but incorporate local participation through village committees, self-help groups, and user associations. Examples include watershed management and forest protection committees in India and Nepal. Although decision-making power often remains with the state, community consultation enhances transparency, accountability, and local relevance of projects. The second is the community-based or grassroots model, which emphasizes local ownership and collective decision-making. In this model,

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