Question
. While estimating masonry volume, what are the standard conventions and rules followed for deducting structural bearings and openings from masonry? Support your answers with sketches. 10 marks5. Why are painting coefficients used in woodwork estimation? Give examples of at least five standard coefficients. How is the painting area of structural steel sections determine
Answer :
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Skip in 10
While estimating masonry work, the quantity is generally calculated from the actual dimensions of walls, piers, partitions, etc., after applying the standard rules for deductions. The purpose of these rules is to obtain a uniform and practical method of measurement and to avoid unnecessary deductions for small items such as wall bearings and embedded structural members. For masonry, the basic quantity is calculated as: Masonry quantity = Length × Breadth (or thickness) × Height The dimensions are normally taken from architectural and structural drawings. The length of a wall is measured along its centre line or between specified faces, depending upon the method adopted. The thickness is taken as the actual thickness of the masonry, and the height is measured from the appropriate floor or foundation level up to the underside of the slab, beam, roof, or other terminating member. Openings such as doors, windows, ventilators, and large recesses are deducted from the masonry quantity according to standard measurement rules. However, not every small opening or embedded member is deducted. The following conventions are commonly followed in building estimation. 1. Openings in masonry walls: Openings for doors, windows and ventilators are deducted when their areas or volumes fall within the limits prescribed by the applicable standard method of measurement. Large openings are deducted from the masonry quantity because the masonry that would otherwise occupy the opening does not actually exist. For example, for a wall containing a door opening: ```text Wall ┌───────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ │ │ ┌─────────────┐ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ DOOR │ │ │ │ OPENING │ │ │ │ │ │ └──────┴─────────────┴──────┘ ``` The volume of the door opening is calculated as: Length of opening × Height of opening × Wall thickness and is deducted from the gross volume of masonry wherever the opening qualifies for deduction. 2. Small openings: Small openings below the specified measurement limit are generally not deducted. This convention simplifies measurement and compensates approximately for the additional labour involved in forming small openings and for jambs, reveals, sills and other associated work. 3. Openings of different sizes: Where several openings occur in the same wall, each opening is considered according to the applicable measurement rule. Large openings are deducted individually, while small openings within the permitted limit may be ignored. 4. Door and window
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