Urbanization refers to the process by which an increasing percentage of a population migrates from rural to urban areas, leading to the expansion and growth of cities and towns. It typically results from the movement of people in search of better job opportunities, access to education, healthcare, and improved living standards. Urbanization is often seen as an indicator of economic development and social progress, as it is associated with industrialization, modern infrastructure, and improved standards of living. However, urbanization brings with it a host of issues and challenges, particularly in a developing country like India, where rapid urbanization has far outpaced the capacity of infrastructure, social systems, and government policy to manage it effectively. The pace of urbanization in India has been accelerating since the 1990s, following economic reforms and increased industrialization. According to the 2011 Census, approximately 31.16% of India’s population lived in urban areas, and this figure is expected to rise to 40% by 2030. This shift is largely driven by rural-to-urban migration, which is spurred by factors like better employment opportunities in industries and service sectors, better education and healthcare facilities, and the promise of a higher quality of life. However, urbanization in India has also led to a range of serious problems, many of which are rooted in inadequate urban planning, insufficient resources, and the inability of urban infrastructure to keep pace with the growing population. One of the primary issues is the rapid and unplanned expansion of cities. India’s cities are growing at an alarming rate, but the infrastructure and resources needed to support such growth are lagging behind. This leads to a range of problems, including overcrowding, inadequate housing, and strained basic services such as water supply, sanitation, and waste management. In many urban areas, particularly in slums and informal settlements, access to these services is either limited or non-existent. The lack of proper urban planning has also resulted in the proliferation of slums, where millions of people live in subhuman conditions. According to estimates, over 65 million people in India live in slums, and the lack of proper housing and sanitation has serious public health implications. Overcrowding is a direct consequence of this unplanned urbanization. Cities such as Mumbai, Delhi, and Kolkata are bursting at the seams with people migrating from rural areas. The massive