Sanitation refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe management and disposal of human urine and feces, solid waste, wastewater, and stormwater, along with the maintenance of hygienic conditions through services such as garbage collection, drainage, and waste treatment. It includes access to toilets, proper sewage systems, safe drinking water, waste disposal mechanisms, and hygiene practices such as handwashing. Sanitation is not limited to infrastructure; it also involves behavioral practices, community awareness, and institutional arrangements that ensure a clean and healthy environment. In the context of population and development, sanitation is a crucial determinant of public health, human dignity, productivity, and social equity. Poor sanitation is closely linked to the spread of infectious diseases. When human waste is not properly disposed of, it contaminates water sources, soil, and food. This contamination facilitates the transmission of water-borne and vector-borne diseases such as diarrhea, cholera, dysentery, typhoid, and intestinal worm infections. The impact of sanitation on health varies among different groups of people depending on age, gender, socioeconomic status, occupation, and living conditions. Children are among the most vulnerable groups affected by inadequate sanitation. Young children often play on the ground and put objects into their mouths, increasing their exposure to pathogens present in contaminated environments. Repeated episodes of diarrhea due to poor sanitation can lead to dehydration, malnutrition, and impaired physical and cognitive development. Chronic exposure to intestinal parasites affects nutrient absorption, leading to stunting and underweight conditions. High rates of child mortality in many developing regions are closely associated with poor sanitation and unsafe drinking water. In densely populated areas, where open defecation or poorly maintained toilets are common, children face greater health risks due to the rapid spread of infections. Women and girls experience unique sanitation-related health challenges. In many communities, inadequate access to safe and private toilets exposes women to urinary tract infections and reproductive health issues because they may delay urination or defecation due to lack of privacy or fear of harassment. During menstruation, the absence of proper sanitation facilities and menstrual hygiene management increases the risk of infections and discomfort. Pregnant women are particularly vulnerable, as infections caused by poor sanitation can adversely affect maternal health and fetal development. Moreover, in rural or marginalized areas, women often bear the responsibility of collecting water and maintaining household hygiene, which increases their workload and exposure to unsafe environments. The elderly population is another group significantly affected by sanitation conditions. Older adults may have limited mobility and require accessible sanitation facilities. In the absence of age-friendly toilets and