Globalization refers to the growing interconnection and interdependence among countries through the increased flow of goods, services, capital, technology, information, and people across borders. It represents the process by which the world is becoming increasingly integrated economically, socially, culturally, and politically. Globalization has transformed how nations interact, how businesses operate, and how individuals experience life in an interconnected world. In the context of sustainable development and smart cities, globalization plays a crucial role by shaping urban growth, influencing environmental policies, and determining access to global innovations and technologies that can make cities more efficient, resilient, and inclusive. The enhanced pace of globalization in recent decades can be attributed to several interrelated factors. One of the primary reasons is technological advancement. The rapid development of communication and information technologies, particularly the internet, mobile networks, and digital platforms, has made the exchange of information instantaneous and borderless. Businesses can now operate across continents with virtual connectivity, while governments and citizens can access global knowledge networks. These technologies have also fostered the emergence of smart cities, where data and digital infrastructure are utilized to optimize urban services, energy management, and environmental sustainability. Another key driver is the liberalization of trade and investment policies. Governments around the world have reduced tariffs, opened their economies to foreign direct investment, and signed multilateral trade agreements, enabling the free movement of goods and capital. This liberalization has led to global supply chains, where production is distributed across countries to maximize efficiency and cost advantages. For instance, smart city projects in developing nations often attract global investors and technology firms, creating partnerships that facilitate innovation and sustainable urban solutions. Transportation advancements have also accelerated globalization. The development of efficient air, sea, and land transport systems has drastically reduced travel time and logistics costs. As a result, cities have become global nodes of commerce and culture, linked through networks that promote international cooperation and economic growth. These connections have enabled the transfer of technologies and sustainable practices essential for building smart cities that meet global environmental and social standards. The spread of multinational corporations and global financial institutions has further intensified globalization. These entities operate across borders, integrating markets and influencing local economies. Through investment and knowledge transfer, they play a vital role in urban development, infrastructure modernization, and sustainability initiatives. For example, global companies involved in renewable energy, waste management, and digital infrastructure contribute to making cities more sustainable and technologically advanced. The growing awareness of global challenges such as climate change, resource depletion, and social inequality has also pushed nations to collaborate on sustainable development goals. This shared responsibility promotes global cooperation in areas like clean energy, sustainable urban planning, and smart technologies. The exchange of best practices and innovations between cities worldwide—facilitated by