Environmental colonialism refers to a form of domination in which powerful nations, corporations, or groups exploit the natural resources, land, and ecological systems of less powerful regions, often former colonies or marginalized communities, while transferring environmental costs and risks onto them. It is rooted in the historical processes of colonialism, where control over territory was inseparable from control over nature, and it continues in contemporary forms through unequal economic, political, and ecological relationships. Historically, colonial powers extracted raw materials such as timber, minerals, spices, and agricultural products from colonized regions to fuel industrial growth in Europe and North America. This extraction was carried out with little regard for local ecosystems or indigenous livelihoods. Forests were