The historical background of democracy can be traced back to ancient civilizations, where the earliest forms of collective decision-making emerged. The most notable example is ancient Greece, particularly Athens in the 5th century BCE, where democracy in its classical form first took shape. Athenian democracy was direct in nature, allowing citizens to participate actively in decision-making processes, including legislation, administration, and judicial matters. Citizens, defined narrowly as free adult males, could attend the assembly and vote on issues, demonstrating the principle of political equality within the limited citizenry. This early system emphasized participation, accountability, and debate, laying the foundation for the ideas of civic duty and political representation that continue to influence modern democratic thought. Parallel to Greece, the Roman Republic contributed significantly to the evolution of democratic ideas. Although not a pure democracy, the Roman system incorporated representative institutions such as the Senate, where elected magistrates and officials made decisions on