Transnational Corporations (TNCs) have long been perceived as major players in technology development due to their vast resources, global reach, and ability to invest heavily in research and development (R&D). However, while they play a significant role, it would be inaccurate to label them as the primary drivers of technological advancements across the globe. One key reason why TNCs may not be the main actors in technology development is the rise of innovation coming from smaller, more agile firms. Many of today’s technological breakthroughs, particularly in sectors like artificial intelligence, biotechnology, and green technologies, are emerging from startups, universities, and research institutions that operate outside the traditional framework of large corporations. These entities often possess the flexibility and creativity to explore unconventional solutions that larger corporations, constrained by their size and bureaucratic structures, might overlook. Moreover, technological development is increasingly a collaborative effort. Governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and academic institutions are playing pivotal roles in fostering environments that encourage innovation. For instance, state-funded research projects, public-private partnerships, and international collaborations are crucial in the development of breakthrough technologies, particularly in industries that require long-term investment and carry substantial risk. The publicly funded nature of many research initiatives allows for technological progress that might not be immediately profitable but holds long-term value for society