Anthropology emerged as a systematic study of human beings, their societies, cultures, and biological development through a long historical process. Its intellectual background can be traced to the Renaissance, a period of significant transformation in European thought between approximately the fourteenth and seventeenth centuries. The Renaissance literally means “rebirth” and refers to the revival of interest in classical Greek and Roman knowledge, human reason, scientific inquiry, art, and the study of nature. These developments created an intellectual environment that later contributed to the formation of anthropology as a distinct discipline. During the medieval period in Europe, knowledge was largely influenced by religious doctrines and traditional authorities. Human beings and the natural world were often understood primarily through theological explanations. The Renaissance gradually encouraged scholars to question established ideas and to examine human beings through observation, reason, and empirical evidence. Humanism became an important intellectual movement during this period. Renaissance humanists placed greater emphasis on human life, abilities, experiences, and achievements. This growing interest in humanity provided an important foundation for anthropological thinking. The revival of classical literature also influenced ideas about different peoples and societies. Greek and Roman writers had already described various cultures, customs, political systems, and peoples. Renaissance scholars rediscovered and studied these works, which stimulated interest in comparing different forms of human social life. Such comparisons later