Question
Identify one ICT-based development initiative you have read about or observed. Trace its background and objectives. Analyse how issues such as access, inclusivity, privacy, or the digital divide affected its outcomes.
Answer :
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One prominent ICT-based development initiative that has been widely discussed and observed in India is the Aadhaar programme, officially known as the Unique Identification Authority of India initiative. Aadhaar was launched in 2009 with the objective of providing a unique digital identity to every resident of India based on biometric and demographic data. The background of Aadhaar lies in long-standing challenges related to identity verification, leakages in welfare delivery, duplication of beneficiaries, and the exclusion of marginalized populations from government schemes due to lack of formal identification. Before Aadhaar, access to social welfare often depended on paper-based documents that were unevenly distributed, easily forged, or inaccessible to the poor, migrants, and informal workers. The primary objective of Aadhaar was to create a reliable, universal, and verifiable digital identity infrastructure that could support development by improving governance and service delivery. By assigning a 12-digit unique identification number linked to fingerprints, iris scans, and basic demographic information, the programme aimed to enable accurate authentication of individuals anywhere in the country. Aadhaar was envisioned as a foundational digital platform that could be used across sectors such as banking, social protection, healthcare, education, and taxation. A key development goal was to reduce corruption and inefficiency by enabling Direct Benefit Transfer, where subsidies and welfare payments could be transferred directly into beneficiaries’ bank accounts, bypassing intermediaries. Access played a crucial role in shaping the outcomes of the Aadhaar initiative. On one hand, the scale of enrolment was unprecedented, with over a billion residents enrolled within a decade, suggesting significant success in reaching a vast population. Mobile enrolment units, camps in rural areas, and simplified procedures helped expand coverage, especially in remote and underserved regions. Aadhaar enabled many individuals who previously lacked any formal identity, such as migrant workers, homeless persons, and residents of informal settlements, to gain recognition within the
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