India’s role in climate policy formulation and deliberations is shaped by its unique position as a developing nation with a rapidly growing economy, large population, and high vulnerability to climate change impacts. India occupies a critical place in global climate negotiations due to its dual identity as both a significant emitter of greenhouse gases and a nation heavily dependent on agriculture, natural resources, and climate-sensitive livelihoods. This duality has led India to adopt a policy approach that balances developmental needs with environmental sustainability, making it a central player in international climate policy discourse. From the early years of climate discussions, India has actively engaged in shaping international frameworks under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Its negotiating position has historically emphasized the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities” (CBDR-RC). This principle argues that while all nations must take action to combat climate change, developed countries bear a greater responsibility due to their historical emissions and higher per-capita carbon footprint. India has consistently argued for equity, fairness, and climate justice in the design of international climate policies, insisting that the burden of mitigation should not compromise the right of developing countries to pursue growth and poverty eradication. India’s involvement was significant during the Kyoto Protocol negotiations, where it positioned itself as a representative of developing nations advocating for binding commitments for developed countries, while exempting poorer nations from similar obligations. Through the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), India became one of the largest hosts of emission-reduction projects, particularly in renewable energy and industrial efficiency, aligning development goals with international climate frameworks. This experience not only generated revenue but also created institutional and technical capacities that enhanced India’s role in subsequent negotiations. In the Paris Agreement of 2015, India played a critical mediating role, bridging the gap between developed and developing nations.