Climate models are among the most significant scientific tools used to understand and predict the future of Earth’s climate system. They are complex mathematical representations of the interactions among the atmosphere, oceans, land surface, and ice. By simulating these processes, climate models allow scientists to assess how the climate has changed in the past, how it functions in the present, and how it might evolve in the future under various scenarios. Their role in predicting future climate is crucial, as they not only provide insights into potential temperature rise and precipitation changes but also help policymakers design strategies for adaptation and mitigation. At the core of climate modeling lies the understanding of physical laws such as the conservation of energy, mass, and momentum. Climate models use these laws as the foundation upon which equations are built to describe the behavior of atmospheric circulation, ocean currents, cloud formation, and greenhouse gas interactions. The Earth’s climate is influenced by both natural factors, such as volcanic eruptions and solar activity, and human-induced factors, such as fossil fuel burning and deforestation. Climate models integrate these drivers to produce simulations of how the climate system responds. By running these simulations repeatedly under different assumptions, scientists can project a range of possible future conditions. One of the key strengths of climate models is their ability to create scenarios based on future greenhouse gas emissions. These are often referred to as Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) or Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). Each scenario reflects a particular trajectory of economic growth, technological development, energy use, and emissions. For