Geothermal energy is a form of renewable energy derived from the natural heat present within the interior of the Earth. The Earth’s core contains extremely high temperatures produced mainly by the decay of radioactive elements and residual heat from the planet’s formation. This heat continuously flows toward the surface and is stored in rocks, underground reservoirs of hot water, and steam. The principle of geothermal energy is based on extracting this natural heat and converting it into useful energy such as electricity or direct heating. The working principle of geothermal energy involves tapping the heat stored beneath the Earth’s surface through wells drilled deep into geothermal reservoirs. These reservoirs contain hot water or steam trapped in porous rocks. When wells are drilled, the hot water or steam rises to the surface due to pressure differences. The steam is then used to rotate turbines connected to generators, producing electricity. In some systems, hot water is pumped to the surface and then converted into steam to drive turbines. After the heat is utilized, the cooled water is often injected back into the reservoir through reinjection wells, which helps maintain reservoir pressure and ensures sustainability of the resource. Geothermal power plants generally operate based on three main technologies. The first is the dry steam power plant,