Socio-technical transitions refer to the long-term, multi-dimensional transformations in societal systems, particularly those that involve technology, institutions, culture, and economic structures. These transitions are critical for understanding how societies move from one set of technological practices, infrastructures, and social norms to another, particularly in contexts like energy, transport, health, and agriculture. The study of socio-technical transitions provides insights into how sustainability can be achieved in the face of globalisation and complex ecological challenges, making it central to social ecology and sustainable development frameworks. The concept of socio-technical transitions is often examined through the lens of the Multi-Level Perspective (MLP), which frames transitions across three analytical levels: niches, regimes, and landscapes. Niches are protected spaces where radical innovations can develop without immediate pressures from dominant societal systems. Regimes are the dominant socio-technical structures, including existing technologies, rules, practices, and institutions. Landscapes are the broader contextual factors such as cultural values, political ideologies, economic trends, and environmental conditions that shape both regimes and niches. Phases of socio-technical transitions can be understood as evolving interactions among these levels, leading to structural changes in society. The first phase in socio-technical transitions is often referred to as the pre-development or niche-innovation phase. In this stage, new technologies or social practices emerge in niches, which are experimental spaces somewhat insulated from mainstream pressures. These innovations are often small-scale, experimental, and developed by actors committed to transformative change. For instance, in the energy sector, early experiments with solar panels or biofuels in laboratories or pilot communities represent this phase. Social ecology emphasizes that the niche-innovation phase is not merely technical but also deeply social, involving alternative visions of societal organization, sustainability ethics, and community-driven experimentation. Globalisation affects this phase by providing access to international knowledge networks, enabling innovators