Conservation agriculture is an approach to sustainable land management that emphasizes maintaining soil health, enhancing biodiversity, and reducing the environmental footprint of farming. One of its most critical contributions is the enhancement of soil organic carbon, which not only strengthens soil fertility and productivity but also plays an essential role in climate change mitigation and adaptation. Soil organic carbon is central to soil health because it improves structure, water retention, nutrient cycling, and microbial activity, while also acting as a sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide. Conservation agricultural practices promote the buildup of soil organic carbon through minimal soil disturbance, continuous organic matter inputs, and maintenance of ground cover, creating a resilient agroecosystem that can withstand climate stresses. One fundamental practice in conservation agriculture is reduced or zero tillage. Conventional plowing disrupts soil aggregates, exposes organic matter to rapid decomposition, and releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. In contrast, minimal tillage reduces these losses by preserving soil aggregates and fostering a more stable carbon pool. With zero tillage, crop residues are left on the field surface, providing organic inputs and protection from erosion. This system allows microorganisms and soil fauna, such as earthworms, to thrive, thereby enhancing the natural incorporation of organic matter into the soil profile. The reduced disturbance also conserves soil moisture, which is especially vital under climate change scenarios of irregular rainfall. Over time, this practice contributes to the gradual buildup of soil organic carbon and improves soil structure, which enhances water infiltration and reduces runoff. Another essential practice is the maintenance of permanent soil cover through crop residues, mulching, or cover crops. Residue retention acts as a protective blanket, reducing the impact of raindrops, moderating soil temperature, and reducing water evaporation. The decomposing residues serve as a continuous source of organic matter that feeds soil microorganisms and contributes to humus formation. Cover crops, such as legumes or grasses grown in between main crop cycles, are particularly beneficial because they fix atmospheric nitrogen, add biomass, and prevent nutrient leaching. Leguminous cover crops enrich the soil with biologically available nitrogen while also contributing to soil carbon through root exudates and biomass. Grass cover crops with dense root systems add to soil carbon by stabilizing aggregates and sequestering carbon deeper in the soil profile. This permanent cover not only builds soil organic carbon but also protects against erosion, improves soil moisture regimes, and increases resilience against drought and extreme temperatures. Crop diversification through rotations and intercropping further enhances soil organic carbon and overall soil health. Monocropping depletes specific nutrients and weakens soil biota diversity, while crop rotations introduce a variety of organic inputs and root structures that stimulate soil microbial communities.